Woodlot Eco-Boxes Essay :: essays research papers

I observed many different organisms in the woodlot, including both heterotrophs and autotrophs. The producers I found include birch trees, sugar maples, white pines, grasses, and berries, as well as various weeds and small plants. The consumers that I observed were all first-order consumers and included ants, grasshoppers, a salamander, spiders, and other species of bugs. Decomposers visible in the woodlot included fungi, mold, and mosses. on that point were some traces of indirect animal evidence left in the woodlot. For example, I noticed unbroken paintballs, which is a sign of humans trespassing in the woodlot. I also observed plants with holes, which showed decay and diseases and could have been accomplished by other organisms eating the producers.There are many steps that show the flow of zip fastener in the woodlot community. The sun gives off light and heat energy to the heterotrophs. Producers use the light from the sun, nutrients in the soil, and chemical energy in the pr ocess of photosynthesis. The producers are then(prenominal) either consumed by first-order consumers, or are broken down by decomposers such as fungi, which uses mycelium to absorb nutrients from the plants. I did not notice any indorsement or third order consumers present in the woodlot to consume the first order consumers, however I did notice traces of them in forms such as burrows beneath rocks, and holes in the ground. There is a constant flow of mechanical energy in the woodlot, as animals use it when they eat.Yes, the woodlot does support the ecological pyramid concept. First, there is fundamental interaction among organisms, and there is a good balance of heterotrophs and autotrophs, which create a thriving environment of both types of organisms.

Moral Education and Emotional Lying Essay -- Philosophy Papers

moral Education and Emotional Lying There is a long tradition, fathered by Aristotle and recurring like some recessive gene in recent virtue theorists, that holds that the emotions, like acts, must be trained. Consider the spargon-time activity In Becketts portrayal, Emotions are not feelings that well up in some indwelling and untutored way from our natural selves, that they are, in fact, not personal or natural at all, that they are, instead, contrivances, social constructs. We conduct how to feel, and we learn our emotional repertoire. We learn emotions in the same way that we learn our beliefs from our society. (Nussbaum 1990, p287) Emotions, in Aristotles view, are not always correct, any(prenominal) more than beliefs or actions are always correct. They need to be educated and brought into harmony with a correct view of the good human life ... with turn over to both passions and actions. (Nussbaum 1994, p96) Developing moral character ... requires training and developing passions and patterns of desire, choice, and emotion. (Stocker, 1980) According to Stuart Hampshires second theory in Two Theories of Morality (Oxford, 1977), Aristotles proponent asserts that ones childhood morality needs civilizing try-on. (quoted by Stevens, p.6) If moral education does not revolve around issues such as what to fear, what to be angry about, ... I do not know what it is. ... As Aristotle perceived, we are concerned with ... the education of the emotions. (Williams 1973, p225) Rorty (1980b), following Aristotle, also holds that emotions are learned. Now, it is clear that people can be trained to exhibit appropriate emotions at the appropriate time and to the appropriate degree, or they learn to do so in... ...d. Explaining Emotions. Berkeley, 1980. (Rorty 1980b) Rorty, Amlie Oksenberg. Introduction. Pages 1-7 in Rorty (1980a). (Stevens 1981) Stevens, Rex P. Kant on Moral Practice. Mercer University Press, Macon, Ga., 1981. (Stocker 1980) Stocker, Michael. Intelle ctual Desire, Emotion, and Action. Pages 323-338 in Rorty (1980a). (Williams 1973) Williams, Bernard. Morality and the Emotions. Pages 207-229 in Problems of the Self (Cambridge, 1973). (Williams 1981) Williams, Bernard. Moral Luck, pages 20-39 in Moral Luck. Cambridge University Press, 1981. (Williams 1993) Williams, Bernard. Moral Luck A Postscript, in Statman, Daniel, ed. Moral Luck. Albany State University of New York Press, 1993 reprinted in Williams (1995), pages 241-247. (Williams 1995) Williams, Bernard. Making reek of Humanity. Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Essay --

In the world of animals, those at the top of a empowerment power structure are more beneficial than low-ranking animals1. However, the be associated with creation at the top of a hierarchy remain controversial1. Different studies reported contradictory findings on whether dominant or subordinate animals experienced great stress levels2-3. Furthermore, Sapolsky4-5 suggested that hierarchy stability could potentially influence the stress levels experienced by high-ranking olive baboons. Given the results from preceding(prenominal) literatures, Gesquiere et al.1 created a research promontory asking how do male savannah baboons (Papio cynocephalus) respond to rank-related stress during stable and unstable hierarchy? They hypothesized that high-ranking males would exhibit higher(prenominal) levels of testosterone and glucocorticoid only when a hierarchy was unstable1. From this hypothesis, they shout outed that during the month with unstable hierarchy, the high-ranking male sav annah baboons would exhibit greater fecal testosterone (fT) and fecal glucocorticoid (fGC) levels than other males within the hierarchy however, such phenomenon would not be observed during the month with a stable hierarchy1. To test this prediction, they conducted a long-term ponder on wild savannah baboons in Amboseli, Kenya1. Over a 9-year period, ecological, behavioural and physiological data including fT and fGC were collected monthly from 125 adult males1. General linear mixed models (GLMMs) were employ to predict the dependent variables, fT and fGC, base on predictor variables including individual rank, hierarchy stability, and an interaction between the two1. Gesquiere et al.1 defined a stable hierarchy as the month when the males with the highest 3 ranking were the homogeneous as those in the p... ...nction9. However, a parasitic load in an individual was not only associated the individual immune righteousness but also with how probably it is exposed to the infectiou s agents9. Hence, parasitic load would not be an accurate indicator of individual immune function9. In contrast, leukocyte count, which was used in another line of business to investigate immune function, could serve as a better indicator than parasitic load10. In conclusion, going beyond the study conducted by Gesquiere et al., the proposed experiment is real because it can provide more insights into whether or not suppressed immune function is another potential cost for being at the top of the dominance hierarchy. Also, using leukocyte count as an indicator of immune function instead of parasitic load, the proposed experiment can further exonerate the contradicting findings reported by dissimilar literatures. Essay -- In the world of animals, those at the top of a dominance hierarchy are more beneficial than low-ranking animals1. However, the costs associated with being at the top of a hierarchy remain controversial1. Different studies reported contradictory f indings on whether dominant or subordinate animals experienced greater stress levels2-3. Furthermore, Sapolsky4-5 suggested that hierarchy stability could potentially influence the stress levels experienced by high-ranking olive baboons. Given the results from previous literatures, Gesquiere et al.1 created a research question asking how do male savannah baboons (Papio cynocephalus) respond to rank-related stress during stable and unstable hierarchy? They hypothesized that high-ranking males would exhibit higher levels of testosterone and glucocorticoid only when a hierarchy was unstable1. From this hypothesis, they predicted that during the month with unstable hierarchy, the high-ranking male savannah baboons would exhibit greater fecal testosterone (fT) and fecal glucocorticoid (fGC) levels than other males within the hierarchy however, such phenomenon would not be observed during the month with a stable hierarchy1. To test this prediction, they conducted a long-term study on wild savannah baboons in Amboseli, Kenya1. Over a 9-year period, ecological, behavioral and physiological data including fT and fGC were collected monthly from 125 adult males1. General linear mixed models (GLMMs) were used to predict the dependent variables, fT and fGC, based on predictor variables including individual rank, hierarchy stability, and an interaction between the two1. Gesquiere et al.1 defined a stable hierarchy as the month when the males with the highest 3 ranking were the same as those in the p... ...nction9. However, a parasitic load in an individual was not only associated the individual immune function but also with how likely it is exposed to the infectious agents9. Hence, parasitic load would not be an accurate indicator of individual immune function9. In contrast, leukocyte count, which was used in another study to investigate immune function, could serve as a better indicator than parasitic load10. In conclusion, going beyond the study conducted by Gesquiere et al., the proposed experiment is significant because it can provide more insights into whether or not suppressed immune function is another potential cost for being at the top of the dominance hierarchy. Also, using leukocyte count as an indicator of immune function instead of parasitic load, the proposed experiment can further elucidate the contradicting findings reported by different literatures.

Aristotle on Paideia of Principles :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Aristotle on Paideia of PrinciplesABSTRACT Aristotle maintains that paideia enables one to imagine the method utilize by a given speaker without judging the conclusions drawn as well (I.1 De Partibus Animalium). He contends that this paideia of principles requires three things seeing that principles are non derived from one another(prenominal) seeing that there is nothing before them within intellect and, seeing that they are the source of much knowledge. In order to grasp these principles, one must respectively learn to recognize what distinguishes the subject matters studied in different disciplines, see front principles as coming from experience and acquire the habit of quest them in ones experience and, finally, see first principles as being the source of conclusions. While the second and third points might at first seem to pertain to nous and science, respectively, rather than to paideia, the case can be made that paideia involves more than of a firm grasp of principles than nous and a slight perfect way of relating conclusion to principles than science.Aristotle speaks explicitly of paideia of method, the most noteworthy passage being Bk. 1, c. 1 of The Parts of Animals. He also explicitly identifies certain thinkers as lacking paideia this sort of paideia. Paideia of method allows a person to judge the way a speaker is proceeding without for so much being able to judge his conclusions (639a15). What is less obvious is that Aristotle holds that there is paideia of principles. However, there is one passage which makes this fairly clear (NE 1098b5, cited below). In addition, careful examination of passages where Aristotle calls attention to judgments or misjudgments pertaining to paideia reveals that there is not one but many reasons for calling a method either good or bad, some of which reasons have to do with principles. This can be seen by contrasting the following two cases Aristotle is critical of ethicists who insist on proceeding solely by d emonstration because such rigor is inappropriate to ethical matters (NE 1094b20-28). However, the reason he criticizes Pythagoras for explaining moral virtue in terms of mathematical principles,(1) is that Pythagoras is starting from principles which are inadequate to explaining this matter. Of the two mistakes, that as to the starting point is plainly more serious. Every error as to starting point entails error as to ones subsequent proceeding, but not vice versa. A principle is always a principle of something, and every method or orderly proceeding has a principle or starting point.

What Works in Reducing Recidivism Essay -- rehabilitate prisoners, Re-

A long-term study conducted by Bureau of Justice Statistics effectuate that the average five-year recidivism rates of 404,638 prison houseers released in 2005 is 76.6% among thirty states in America (Matthew, Alexia, & Howard, 2014, p. 1). In other words, most of the released prisoners did not escape the cycle of recidivism and were sent back to the prison after time. This indicates that the present American justice system, which focuses on punishment as Benson (2003) noted, fails to rehabilitate prisoners efficiently and is far from achieving the goal of reducing crime rates (p. 46). What is more, the recidivism of prisoners is graceful a great plague of society, because it not only imposes a threat to public safety but also places an enormous financial burden on taxpayers. According to a survey covering forty states in America, one prisoner would cost taxpayers 31,286 dollars each year on average (Henrichson & Delaney, 2012, p. 9). Thus, 76% of 404,638 prisoners, who re-offended in five years, mentioned in the study conducted by Bureau of Justice Statistics would cost approximately one billion dollars annually. Realizing the importance of rehabilitation, the Prison Fellowship International (PFI), founded by Charles Colson in 1979, provides various rehabilitation programs based on Christianity to offenders and ex-offenders in more than 125 countries all over the world (Who we, n.d.). This paper will evaluate and spell advice to three solutions provided by Prison Fellowship International to rehabilitate offenders establishing communications between offenders and victims, providing offenders with re-entry program based on biblical education and visiting prisoners regularly. mulberry fig Tree project offers opportunities for offenders to c... ..., S. (2011). Experiences of shame and empathy in violent and non-violent young offenders. diary of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 22(4), 551-563. doi10.1080/14789949.2011.602096Pithers, W. D. (1999). Empathy defin ition, enhancement, and relevance to the treatment of sexual abusers. Journal of social Violence, 14(3), 257-284.Proeve, M., & Howells, K. (2002). Shame and Guilt in Child Sexual Offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy & Comparative Criminology, 46(6), 657-667.Roys, D. T. (1997). Empirical and theoretical considerations of empathy in sex offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy & Comparative Criminology, 41(1), 53.Who we are. Retrieved fromhttps//pfi.org/who-we-are/ Wilkinson, R. A., & Unwin, T. (1999). Visiting in prison. Retrieved fromhttp//www.drc.ohio.gov/web/Articles/Visiting%20in%20Prison.pdf

What Works in Reducing Recidivism Essay -- rehabilitate prisoners, Re-

A long-term study conducted by Bureau of umpire Statistics found that the average five-year recidivism rates of 404,638 prisoners released in 2005 is 76.6% among thirty states in the States (Matthew, Alexia, & Howard, 2014, p. 1). In other words, most of the released prisoners did not escape the cycle of recidivism and were sent back to the prison after time. This indicates that the present American justice system, which focuses on penalization as Benson (2003) noted, fails to reconstruct prisoners efficiently and is far from achieving the goal of reducing crime rates (p. 46). What is more, the recidivism of prisoners is becoming a great plague of society, because it not only imposes a threat to public safety but also places an enormous financial burden on taxpayers. According to a survey covering forty states in America, one prisoner would cost taxpayers 31,286 dollars each year on average (Henrichson & Delaney, 2012, p. 9). Thus, 76% of 404,638 prisoners, who re-offended in five years, mentioned in the study conducted by Bureau of Justice Statistics would cost approximately one billion dollars annually. Realizing the importance of rehabilitation, the Prison Fellowship supranational (PFI), founded by Charles Colson in 1979, provides various rehabilitation programs based on Christianity to offenders and ex-offenders in more than 125 countries all over the world (Who we, n.d.). This paper will evaluate and offer advice to three solutions provided by Prison Fellowship International to rehabilitate offenders establishing communications between offenders and victims, providing offenders with re-entry program based on biblical education and visiting prisoners regularly.Sycamore Tree project offers opportunities for offenders to c... ..., S. (2011). Experiences of shame and empathy in violent and non-violent fresh offenders. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 22(4), 551-563. doi10.1080/14789949.2011.602096Pithers, W. D. (1999). Empathy definition, enh ancement, and relevance to the treatment of sexual abusers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14(3), 257-284.Proeve, M., & Howells, K. (2002). Shame and Guilt in Child Sexual Offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy & Comparative Criminology, 46(6), 657-667.Roys, D. T. (1997). Empirical and theoretical considerations of empathy in sex offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy & Comparative Criminology, 41(1), 53.Who we are. Retrieved fromhttps//pfi.org/who-we-are/ Wilkinson, R. A., & Unwin, T. (1999). see in prison. Retrieved fromhttp//www.drc.ohio.gov/web/Articles/Visiting%20in%20Prison.pdf

The Current Economic Climate

3. 0The Cur crosscurrent Economic Climate * Our research clearly shows that retail merchants believe consumer sp deathing leave continue to be constricted throughout 2012. The fear of unemployment, oddly for those working in the public sector, exit continue to depress consumer sentiment. Combined with fanf be range that will outstrip lock increases, and consumers continuing to pay deck debt, it makes top-line growth difficult. RW 2012) * While the figure continues to tick up, and unemployment among the young in particular impacts on the retailers who serve them, the threat of unemploy- ment depresses the spending of many a(prenominal) more than. (RW 2012) * Several forces at play are making life difficult for those who want to promote high up gear up passs not least the continued growth of online gross revenue, plus the summate costs of high channel property compared with footf that and sales densities. (RW 2012) (RW 2012) * Inflation has squeezed disposable incom es, particularly among the C2DE socioeconomic groups. RW 2012) * 32% The percentage of British shoppers who feel they dedicate no cash to spare, jibe to the BRC and Nielsen in August 2011 (RW 2012) * Coming at a time of squeezed income by heightened inflation in essentials such as food and petrol, one might shit expected consumers to cut their cloth. Yet, a number of sources including the Office for National Statistics confirm consumer spending on habilitate increased by more than the rate of inflation in 2011 Mintel estimates total dress spend grew by 4. 7%, well outpacing CPI for the change state category.Despite the economic context, consumers therefore grew their clothing spend significantly in real terms in 2011, suggesting an underlying resilience in the market clothe shoppers may be deterred by rain, scarcely they are very noncompliant to cut their purchases in response to a deterioration in their spending power. (Mintel 2012, clothing sell). * Economy slowly recov ering falling headline inflation and fresh falls in the number of people unemployed suggests the economy is showing signs of recovery since the start of 2012. Mintel 2012, clothing retail). * Double-dip recession * export * The UK economy is officially substantiate in recession. The erratic economic growth seen in 2011 up 0. 5% in the early quarter, down 0. 1% in the second quarter, up 0. 6% in the third quarter ended down 0. 4% in the final quarter of 2011. This socio-economic class the downward trend has been more sustained. Firstly, contracting 0. 3% in the first quarter and then by 0. 5% between April and June. It is the same story for year-on-year GDP growth, which has fallen from 1. % in the first quarter of 2011 to -0. 5% in the second quarter of 2012. Attempts to stimulate economic growth stomach been grownly thwarted, despite a sustained period of historically low beguile rates and quantitative easing measures. The unresolved euro-zone debt crisis continues to imp act on the UK economy, hitting both jobs and growth. * (Mintel 2012, clothing retailing). * 3. 1 The UK retail environment. * after many years of erosion, bankruptcy and mismanagement, whatsoeverthing I felt was destined to disappear forever. (MP, 2011). out-of-town retail has drained the traffic and retail offer from our town aggregates, (MP, 2011) * With town centre vacancy rates doubling over the last two years and total consumer spend away from our high streets at a time over 50%,(MP, 2011). * The number of town centre monetary funds fell by al near 15,000 between 2000 and 2009 with an estimated further 10,000 losses over the past couple of years2 (MP, 2011). * Nearly one in six shops stands vacant3 (MP, 2011). * Excluding Central London, high street footfall has fallen by most 10% in the last three years4(MP, 2011). the overarching strategy for most retailers in 2012 is termination to be presenting a great customer experience and its successful execution will depend on delivering a rake perfect performance in all areas of the business. (RW 2012) * One operations director suggests that the Portas report is too late to reverse the decline I think the substitute(prenominal) high streets are holy, because you cant sustain a store in a market where nobody wants to shop. What could happen in a low-rent high street is that new forms of retail entertainment will spring up. (RW 2012) The operations director of a major retailer explains I think the secondary high streets are finished, because you cant sustain a store in a market where nobody wants to shop. What could happen in a low rent high street is that new forms of retail entertainment will spring up. (RW 2012) * Research I have seen shows that even by 2020, 87% of all customers journeys will involve a store at somewhat stage So I think talk of the high streets demise is nonsense, says the question executive of a department store. (RW 2012) * Change isnt coming its come and moved on (Sibun, 2 012).RMR * In the UK, several forces at play are making life difficult for those who want to promote high streets, not least the continued growth of online sales, plus the total costs of high street property compared with footfall and sales densities. (RW 2012, P. 58) * One operations director suggests the Portas report is too late to reverse the decline I think the secondary high streets are finished, because you cant sustain a store in a market where nobody wants to shop. What could happen in a low-rent high street is that new forms of retail entertainment will spring up. (RW 2012, P. 58) High-profile retail failures cannot be taken as indicative of the sectors health. Consumers may be under pressure financially, but there is little sign of them cutting their spending on clothing. Retailing is a remarkably robust sector and any retailers failure to secure growth is by consequence down to their own failings. * John Mercer, Senior Retail Analyst (Mintel 2012, clothing retailing) . * Figure 1 Clothing specialists sales (? m, incl. VAT), 2007-17 * * * In-store technology designed to enhance the multichannel shopping experience is a key theme among major retailers innovations (Mintel 2012, lothing retailing). * Marks & Spencer is reportedly investing ? 100 million on improving its digital offering to encourage customers to browse and learn more about products. The retailers new 151,000 sq ft outlet at Cheshire Oaks in Ellesmere Port includes a host of in-store innovation including HD display screen showcasing product, browse-and-order screens, and staff equipped with iPads. (Mintel 2012, clothing retailing). * Oasis has introduced an in-store iPad shopping facility enabling customers to order clothes from the stores fitting room and have them delivered to their basis.Shop staff equipped with iPads can check garment availability from anywhere on the shop floor. (Mintel 2012, clothing retailing). * Debenhams is launching free wifi in its 167 shops. Customers wi ll be able to use their smartphones and mobile devices to access Debenhams information and special deals as they walk around the shop. Customers can check for sizes and availability and if it isnt in store, scan the barcode to order it for home delivery. (Mintel 2012, clothing retailing). * 3. 2Threat of the lucre. * But new technological developments now mean that the net income is one of the key threats to retail on our high streets.Although internet sales currently account for less than 10% of all retail sales some estimates suggest that e-commerce accounted for nearly half of all retail sales growth in the UK between 2003 and 2010, as internet access has suffer more general And we have seen dramatic growth in m-commerce sales over mobile devices of more than 500% in the last two years. (MP, 2011). * De Kare Silver argues that this is, gradually ceasing to be a bricks and mortar world9 and shows that a 15% drop in store sales of most high street retailers pushes them below wear even and into loss.Its not just the small retailers many businesses on the high street are feeling the pinch. De Kare Silver M (2011) e-shock 2020 How the Digital engineering Revolution is Changing Business and All Our Lives(MP, 2011). mp 2011 * One retailer comments that if you want customers to come into store then you have to treat them really well, early(a) than why wouldnt they just go and buy from Amazon. (RW 2012) * * RW 2012 Shows that the strain is moving away from purely focusing on new channel, looking to utilise quick channels too aka stores. Its perhaps easy to blame the high streets problems on the continued growth in online sales. But really as retailers have begun to deliver more integrated multichannel helpers they have found that online and mobile channels benefit stores. Industry body IMRG estimates that 10. 4% of all UK online retail sales in August to October 2011 were fulfilled through click-and-collect services. At the top end of the scale, retail ers such as Halfords say click and collect is control 85% of web customers to store. (RW 2012) * Mintel 2012, forecast that the total UK expenditure on clothing and footwear via the internet will procession 86% to ? . 4bn by 2016. (Past Disso, SJG) * VM will become even more important as retailers will have to excite and entertain customers who are being distracted through a forest of other media (Glen Folley, Head of VM T. M. Lewin. VM 2020). * Growth of online sales will prove a challenge to VM in capturing the customer in store. (Sarah Bailey LCF, VM 2020). * Stores currency will be rooted in providing spectacle, wonder and kinship as well as authority and expertise beyond what can be found online (Lorna Hall, Retail Editior WGSN) 2D will never be as fulfilling as 3D (Andi Grant, Creative Director SFD Inspired Retail Design. ) * The latest challenge is the internet, shopping from home is easier, price competitive, price of place (Tony Morgan VM) * With the rise of online shopp ing and consumers spending less time in store (Bell and Ternus, 2006), (RMR) * The latest challenge to in store retailers is the internet with online shopping. Shopping from home is easier and price competitive. Retailers are under more pressure than ever to insure customers return and spend. (Morgan, 2008, p. 15). RMR) * Despite what we are being told about significant growth online, revolution rates online still tend to be substantially lower than in traditional bricks and mortar stores. Retailers believe this is due to the customers inability to physically interact with an item online. (Retail Week, 2012a). RMR 20 percent of people never buy fashion online, while 40 percent do so once a month or more. (Retail Week, 2012a)RMR * Primark is a good example of a brand that is incorporating technology within their stores rather than jumping onto the multichannel band wagon (Pert, 2012).Primark is yet to have a transactional website because it wouldnt fit within their brand ethos. Pr imark has a highly successful model and its choosing technology that helps support, enhance and replicate this model (Pert, 2012), rather than going fully online. RMR * * Peter Cross, business partner of Mary Portas and manager of one half of her retail consultancy Yellow Door, said Retail theatre is not a new thing, but the sheer power of the internet and its efficiency inwardness that so much transactional retailing can happen online, so shops have to up their game. ttp//www. independent. co. uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/retailtainment-the-future-of-shopping-2303942. html * * Offline shops have realised they have to do something else other than simply sell you stuff. http//www. independent. co. uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/retailtainment-the-future-of-shopping-2303942. html * Karl Lagerfeld Prefers Bricks over Clicks * published Feb 13, 09 References nymag * Karl Lagerfeld prefers the physical part of shopping in person vs. the visual part of shopping onli ne.Lagerfeld was meeting with the EU opposition commissioner to discuss the loosening of restrictions of selling sumptuousness goodsread anything designed by Karl Lagerfeldonline. * Lagerfeld extolls the pleasure of purchasing where one can feel the fabric and see colors in natural light. Lagerfeld is not a Luddite with the help of his assistant, bodyguard and sometimes model Sebastien Jondeau he will sometimes buy CDs and books from Amazon. com. But And I still like bookshops, and not because I have one, he said. (Lagerfelds store 7L sells photobooks. * http//www. trendhunter. com/trends/karl-lagerfeld-embraces-bricks-over-clicks * Figure 3 Main shops used for clothing in the last 12 months, instore or online, July 2012 * Base 1,968 internet users decrepit 16+ who have bought clothing in last 12 months * * (Mintel 2012, clothing retailing). * How are online and in-store working together? We have argued that consumers make less and less feature between the two. Even so, the mess age of the next figure is that they treat shopping trips separately.Overall, however, the results tie in with the fact that only around 10% of clothing is change online and that buying in-store is much the most popular route. * Figure 4 How consumers made their most recent clothing purchase, July 2012 * Base 2,000 internet users aged 16+ * * (Mintel 2012, clothing retailing). * Our consumer research found nearly half of Next and MS shoppers had bought online yet, clearly, their online sales make up a far lower proportion of their total revenues, suggesting their customers are selectively mixing in-store and online shopping.Meanwhile, overall, 18% of womenswear shoppers and 19% of menswear shoppers had used the internet as part of the browsing or purchase process, but a large proportion of this was in conjunction with store-based browsing and shopping. * Indeed, it tends only to be struggling retailers that are using the justification of a migration to online shopping for planned o r mooted store closures French Connection, New Look, and some of Arcadias fashion fascia, for example. * (Mintel 2012, clothing retailing). * * * (Mintel 2012, clothing retailing). Key analysis It is already obvious that consumers use in-store and online interchangeably as buying media. But there is still a bias to the young when it comes to researching online first. (Mintel 2012, clothing retailing). * Retailers who ignore a channel of distribution do so at their peril. A store based retailer must have a complementary online offer. But purchasers of branded goods from an online only retailer have probably seen the product first in a store. The online retailer only makes a sale because the customer has decided not to buy it in-store immediately. Mintel 2012, clothing retailing). * * Mintel estimates online clothing sales increased 18% to ? 4. 6 billion in 2011, and we expect growth of 14% for 2012 victorious the online market size to ? 5. 2 billion, equivalent to 13% of consumer sp ending on clothing. * Mintels consumer research for our Fashion Online report found that consumers are buying online more frequently and the popularity of internet shopping is gaining ground on in-store shopping. Over a fifth (22%) of consumers now buy more clothes online than they do in-store, compared to just over one in ten (12%) in 2010.For full consumer research findings, and market size data for online fashion including footwear, see Mintels report, Fashion Online UK, March 2012. * think with the nature of the high street and the amount of companies going into administration Online is the way forward. Independents are being hit with high rents for bricks and mortar and are having to close after just a short period. (Surfdome Interview) * 3. Are surfdome purposely an online brand or is it because it is cheaper to concern online. would they branch out to having a highstreet presence). We wouldnt branch out to open on the high street. We are already seeing amazing growth onlin e, 2012 finished +76% vs 2011 (Surfdome Interview) * * 3. 3 Store Closures * Where retailers used to imply 400 or 500 shops to touch the length and breadth of Britain, with the sheer power of the internet they now need far less. For example, as I write Sir Philip Green, CEO of Arcadia Group, has announced the reduction of his own retail estate as leases expire(MP, 2011). At the time of writing, Barratts valuable had just fallen into administration, and HMV had issued results alongside a warning that the future of the business was open to question. (RW 2012) mp 2011 * Retailers at the value end of fashion have particularly found themselves exposed to the problem of too many stores in places where footfall cant achieve the sales they need to cover their costs. Several we r to warned that their store portfolios will likely constrict during the year, and other retailers said they would reposition stores and look for better rent deals even if they dont intend to shrink store numbers overall. RW 2012) * The businesses named as those in trouble are the ones likely to have too many stores. But property costs arent the only reasons mainstream fashion retailers are struggling to adapt to the realities of the market. Some are still running their buying operations as though it is the boom years. (RW 2012) * But retailers outdoors of these four struggling sectors are not immune from problems And indeed any business with too many stores, poor cash flow and large debts to service will face challenges to survive the year. RW 2012) * UK stores have become more important, and as later chapters of this report show, despite the fact retailers are reviewing the number of stores they need in a multichannel world, they are prepared to invest in those they keep open. (RW 2012) * The rate of highstreet shop closures is increasing due to rises in VAT, income tax and rent, high levels of inflation, and lower wage growth, meaning that consumers particulary in the middle class sector have less disposable income and are changing their spending habits. Past Disso, SJG) * The Economist Intelligence unit, predict e-sales will make up a third of all retail sales in Britain in ten years time (Sibun, 2012). With online retailing proving such a success, many individuals have voiced concerns that the Highstreet is dying when face with the virtual onslaught (Pert, 2012). It has been reported that a slew of shops have been closing stores to focus on their online offering (Blackden, 2012). RMR * RW 2012 * However, its clear that there is a space shift on the cards.The chairman of a fashion retailer says his business may close 100 stores in 2012, as it wants fewer, larger stores which he says are difficult to find. We will only open stores in exceptional locations such as Westfield We have far too many expensive leases and we are having negotiations with landlords at the moment. (RW 2012) * Another fashion chief executive, who is happy with most of his stores which are i n run aground locations, adds There are a few sites in difficulty. But when a shop is in trouble we run it on a cash-for-cash basis. If the property is taking more cash than it is costing, then the store stays open.If not, it closes. We may look at the lease renewal and then take a view as to whether to close, to renegotiate or to resite. (RW 2012) * Retailers are falling into administration with the total number of retailers in England and wales increasing by 11% from 165 to 183 in 2011. (Past Disso, SJG) * Web retailing will have taken its toll by the year 2020, leaving highstreets and malls vacant of many of todays recognised brands. (Tanya Reynolds, Creative Director. Proportion London. VM 2020). * recorded 32 stores closing per day in the UK. (Sibun, 2012). RMR) * On Monday, clothes chain Jane Norman became the latest high street casualty of the recession, as it moved into administration. And as the internet threatens to guzzle up the profits of remaining high street retailer s, perhaps it may take an outstanding shopping experience to stir droves of people from their chairs and into the shops. variant phrases have been used over the years to describe the enhancing of shopping stores retailtainment and entertailment are obvious word plays. http//www. independent. co. uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/retailtainment-the-future-of-shopping-2303942. tml * Failures expected to decline, but will rise in retail sector * The number of business failures will fall over the coming three years but remain above pre-recession levels, match to a forecast by the accounting firm BDO. * It estimates that the number of failures will fall to 20,536 a year by 2015, from a peak of 26,196 in 2009. BDO identifies a squeeze on the disposable income of UK households as one of the primary reasons for the slow recovery and concludes that retail and personal services companies are likely to be the most severely affected. BDO predicts that the number of retail sector failures will rise by 12. 5 per cent to 3,104 in 2011 from 2,759 in 2010. It expects the personal services sector, such as hair, beauty and consumer goods repairs, to see an increase in failures of 2. 8 per cent to 1,288 in 2011, up from 1,252 in 2010. * http//www. independent. co. uk/news/business/news/failures-expected-to-decline-but-will-rise-in-retail-sector-2364863. html * The store will remain your key asset, use it to showcase your brand and generate maximum profitability by addressing issues at individual store level (RW 2012, P. 58) * 3. 3UK brands vs US brands financials (The need for UK stores) MP 2011 * adapt to reap the major benefits from localising their product offers. (RW 2012) * Again, this is a trend where UK retailers can be proud of what theyve achieved, as their private-label developments are among the finest in the world, and in some cases give manufacturers a run for their money (RW 2012) (RW 2012) * Retailers with international appeal are asking themselves how much of a return theyll get from opening one more store in the UK compared with one abroad, especially one in the fast-growing emerging markets. RW 2012) * I would say not, we are a global brand on a global stage, we see ourselves as retail leaders, but would be influenced by any great retail idea not just from the USA. (Selfridges interview) * 1. Yes, Ted bread maker is portrayed as a very British brand. Ted Baker is still considered out of the ordinary with strong UK roots. (Ted Baker Interview) * 3. 4upper middle market retailers. (lack of british brands in this sector) * The fact is that the major supermarkets and malls have delivered highly convenient, needs-based retailing, which serves todays consumers well. MP, 2011). * Woolworths is a prime example. They simply hadnt realised how to talk to the new value-conscious consumer and allowed the pound shops, many of which are seeing astronomic levels of growth, to pile in and steal their market share. A fact made all the more painful w hen one knows that Woolworths was in fact the original pound shop offering all its merchandise at a fixed single price. (MP, 2011). * Primarily this is 16-25 year olds. They are faced with much greater higher education costs than previous generations and rising unemployment.And also C2DE socioeconomic groups those on benefits, the elderly and low-paid have been at the sharp end of rising inflation during 2011. Even if, as many predict, inflation slows during 2012 the damage to their spending power has already been done. (RW 2012) * And the director of a premium fashion retailer is mindful that her competition is likely to grow, so its not a time for the business to scrimp on what makes it attractive to customers, as the new competition sure wont be. The international brands that are coming in from the US, France and Australia have got quite a bit of money to invest, she says. RW 2012) * Unemployment stands at 8. 3%. twain the rate and level of youth unemployment stands at the highe st it has ever been, with 22% or around one million economically active 16 to 25 year olds not in employment. (RW 2012) * Clothes buying still a priority for under-25s 61% of under-25s a key market for clothing retailers still include clothing and footwear within their top five biggest areas of expenditure, with fashion the ultimate spending priority for 15-19-year-olds, according to Mintels Youth Fashion UK December 2011 report. Mintel 2012, clothing retailing). * Under-25s demographic group shrinking The number of under-25s a key market for clothing retailers is contracting as a percentage of the population. The UKs ageing population means the number of 15-19-year-olds is predicted to shrink by 7. 1% between 2012 and 2017, while the number of 20-24-year-olds is expected to fall to 5. 3% during the same period. (Mintel 2012, clothing

Modernity and the Notions of Public Interest Essay

This paper examines the meaning of contemporaneity and the relations between the notions of public interest, ethics and law. By giving an example that raises this issue further, the realm of morality, nonrecreational ethics and law is discussed and whether their spheres of jurisdiction would overlap. It excessively explores the meanings and definitions of the key terms that are of most concern for this topic, and how they relate or differ from each other. A Singaporean example is also sh sustain as evidence to support the discussion. Fin whollyy, a counter argument is provided with a reasonable response that follows with this argument.While scholars and philosophers have defined contemporaneity in different ways, the emergence of modernity is also a very important aspect of the term. Before modernity came into prominence, there were the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. The perfume of modernity so-and-so be seen in humanitys freeing itself from the bonds of the Middle Ages in that it frees itself to itself (Heidegger, Young, & Haynes, 2002). Modernity refers to human beings starting to rationalize and think for themselves, quite a than the traditional way of living life story by the rules and teachings of their religion.In simpler terms, it is a shift from religious beliefs to scientific knowledge, as in man thinking by his own free will for himself. The stronghold of the Christian church decreased over the people and science began to be more accepted. The criticism of modernity is that it in reality imprisons rather than liberates. Modernity gives rise to peoples opinion and free speech. Therefore, with free speech, restrictions are put into place to protect the freedom of the public.The term modernization refers to the increasing use of science and new technologies, and the political, social and cultural changes that followed through from these developments of modernization (Mann, 2010). Hence modern society is considered modern because of rapid change which is the essence of modern society (Nester, 2010). Todays society and way of thinking all flourished from modernity. The use of science and technology, the need to understand all things in life through scientific study and experimentation are all traits of what makes modern society modern.Therefore, it promotes a more rational, scientific worldview as religion, superstition and tradition disoriented their hold over everyday life. With modern thinking, public interest, ethics, law and so on, all of which were taking priority among people in their everyday life and also professionals so that everyone can live in harmony in a liberal democratic society. Public interest is what is justified toward the public which may be against some immediate individual persons interest (Downs, 1962). A general explanation for ethics would be that it is concerned with doing the proficient thing in a moral sense.Fieser (2001) described ethics as systematizing, defending and recommending co ncepts of right and wrong behaviour, while Spence (2005) said that it is a set of rules and virtues of character that guides interpersonal carriage (Breit, 2007). The Law is a set of rules for society, to protect peoples basic rights and freedoms and to treat them fairly (OrganizationOfAmericanStates, 2007). Certain situations that are of the publics concern can also be an ethical and legal matter, such as illegal abortions.Abortions are illegal in most countries and even so, some women still exact it for the sake of their own well-being. Thus, doctors have to face their own code of ethics in dealing with these issues. This matter is also of public interest because this issue has been an on-going debate and the public are always concerned rough it. In the Singapore context, the field of the ex-MOE scholar, Jonathan Wong having inner relations with a minor makes a well example that raises this topic. The scholar from the Ministry of Education was at first charged with possessi ng child pornography in Britain which lead to investigations.The investigations then lead to reveal that he had sexual relations with an underage girl (Channel News Asia, 2012). Although the first charge in 2010 was not a public interest matter, the second charge this year arouse public interest. Aside from the illegality of the case, it sparked public interest due to him being a scholar with the publics taxpayer money. The MOEs code of ethics was considered for appointing this student for a scholar. So how do morality, professional ethics and law differ from each other? Morality is an individuals own personal belief that differentiates right from wrong.It is an individuals own personal character. Professional ethics is a standard or code of behaviour expected by a separate to which the individual belongs to. Morality is a personal trait while ethics is more concerned in the field of profession. Law, however, is another different matter from twain morality and professional ethics . But in some cases, their fields of jurisdiction do overlap with one another. In the course reader, Breit (2007) pointed out the ethical predicament of a journalist on whether to report a story which is in the public interest.The ethical dilemma the journalist faced was due to the embargo of the news, whether to regard it or let the public know about the news immediately. There was also fear of getting sued for not respecting the embargo and for not fulfilling the duty as a journalist. These were the dilemmas that this journalist faced in which the different jurisdictions overlap with one another. Coming back to the example of the case of the ex-MOE scholar, it is illegal to have sex with a minor. This also led to public interest because he was a scholarship student of MOE by taxpayers money.Ethical issues were raised on the MOEs side of the case for choosing this kind of person as their scholar and this reflects badly for the ministry. As for the opposing argument, What reasons might be given for thinking that the disclosure of a persons sexual bobble serves the public interest? (Archard, 1998) From the liberalism side of the argument, it states that neither society, government nor anyone else has the rightful authority to tell people what they do in the privacy of their own homes. Each person has rightful authority over how they conduct their own lives in private.Therefore the public does not need to know about all of the intimate details about the case. Although the counter argument is reasonable, the public should have the right to know about this issue because this person was accused for misusing the taxpayers money and dealt with actions of misconduct and broke the law in not one but two countries. The first charge was for possessing child pornography while he was studying in Britain and the second was for having sexual relations with a minor in Singapore. Modern thinking has lead to opinions on morality, ethics and law, as well as issues about publi c interest.Open critical discussions and evaluation of issues that arise from such issues given above is a crucial part of a healthy democracy. In a way, the standards of public interest, ethics and law in each country determines the modernity of the society.

Early Humans Essay

What animals did the early humans hunt for food?Early humans found meat from animals that were jeopardize in the day, the meat was not so common because before they had animals they had other types of food like for example, fruits from trees, nuts and sometimes even honey and the y too got berries form the burry bushes like raspberries, strawberries, blueberries and so on, but the animal that they always use to eat in the ancient times was the buffalo which was one of the nearly common animals in there specific villages and mostly when they would get the animals they would open them up with sharp things and thence they would eat the meat and by the time they calculate out fire they used fire to cook the food like we do know.How the early Human nut and got their food?Well the simple suffice is that they used weapon to hunt the animals but we always thought that the early humans are stupid but the truth is that they are actually precise smart because of the weapons they used for h unting and another thing they did to hunt food was that back in the early days there was a group of hoi polloi called hunter gatherers and what hunter gatherers are is that basically a group of people for example from villages (mostly man) would go out to hunt for food mostly e preciseday and then when any of them would get food they will bring it to the group of people that they are and then the would most probably share the food with the people. And mostly the weapons would be made out of stones and wood. Also an example of the weapons they used wear spears and bows made out wood and stones. The most common food eaten nowadyaus are seeds. Also very populare is vegetables and fruits.

Increasing the hardware Essay

AbstractAs any business grows, they atomic number 18 ever looking to expand solely aspects oftheir business. With this expansion, the cost of increasing the hardw atomic number 18 and software call(a) for for the expansion is excessively increasing. Many companies are looking for sorts to suffer or even streamline the hardware they latestly support yet expand. They want a way to have their customers log into their site and go to a primordial server but want all the necessary files for the customers to be throw ind elsewhere which ordain join on the stronghold of the server. To be successful in to daytimes market, many businesses are realizing the necessity of using technology. As to a greater extent than and more companies use more technology, their IT infrastructure cannot handle all the traffic referable to the lack of available server/ repositing topographic point consumeed to meet the increasing demands of the customers. Whether the business is small or a lar ge corporation, finding the sign available server/ storage topographic point is becoming an ever increasing problem. Trying to solve this problem, many businesses have begun to look for an alternative outcome to store many of their business files remote from their own main computers, this is called obnubilate storage.Think tumefy-nigh how you have an external hard drive that you use to store files away from the hard drive of your computer, the befoul storage works in the same way. The only exception is that you do not own the external storage, you rent the storage space from someone who takes care of all the maintenance and updating of the site. JPCexpress has been operating for many years with their own inside storage capabilities and now are in the market to expand their business. The current server space that the company owns is organism bogged down by the amounts of info it inevitably to use daily so they need a peeled-madeer solution to their storage problems so th at they can continue to eat uper their production facilities and customers the best possible service. Next day service sets this company isolated from former(a) online businesses and I will show what needs to be done to friend then continue to accomplish this with a simple server space solution.Company BackgroundJPCexpress is an innovator in the online printing industry. They use advanced technology that permits the customer to place an order and have it printed and delivered the near day. There are many online printing organizations, but JPCexpress was one of the first that offered next day delivery if you place your order by a certain time the day before. Thecompany was founded in 2001 that offered printing as a service so that the customer has access to all the company printing business solutions earmarking them to place their orders rightfield on the company website. The customer does not have to invest any monies into their own printing infrastructure and the staff that would be needed to maintain it. JPCexpress offers its run to many different organizations of all sizes that do not want to hassle with having internal printing capabilities. Due to the customer being able to upload all their information to help us perform the needed services, this takes up a lot of storage space.JPCexpress operates three huge warehouses that are strategically placed across the country. Within each facility, they house all the hardware and software needed to pass the printing business along with all the hardware and software needed for the IT side of the business. The customers are able to use our site as their own so they know they will get exactly the product they want. Our teams of engineers are ever so introducing new services and solutions for the customers and they have them integrate the new technologies into our platform monthly. The reason we have the fastest turnaround time for online printing companies is ascribable to the fact that our customers are able to use our site as their own to make and order their printing needs. We have become a leader in the online printing knowledge domain because of our customer service, ease and speed of our online services and the fact that we guarantee you will have your order the next day if you meet the daily cut off time.Discussion of Business ProblemDuring times of peak use, the amount of selective information used is overwhelming. JPCexpress is a top of the line printing business but due to our storage capabilities, we do have issues that will slow the service to our customers. This is an issue because the timing of the slowness (can prevent customers from making the cut off time for next day service) which directly relates to customer service and customer satisfaction. The main issue is that when there are many users on the ashes, it slows down and prevents ease of use. I debate that JPCexpress could well-being from emerging technology as foul computation or could storage. Increasing our storage capacity would prevent the system from slowing down and pass of entropy. Any IT department within any business everlastingly needs new ways to increase the capabilities of their current infrastructure without place in new hardware, new licensing requirementsor having to spend the time and monies to train and operate new personnel.Due to the increasing amounts of data needed by our existing customers and the tackition of new customers, members of our IT department has to manually go into the system and get rid of old files and clear any redundant data. This happens when our system becomes slow which slows the use of our production tools and this all adds up to a loss in the amount of work that can be performed. If the organization was to use smear computing, the problem of overwhelming the system could be avoided. blur computing encompasses any subscription-based or pay-per-use service that, in real time over the Internet, extends its existing capabilities (Gruman , 2012). Use of the cloud could begin at our centrally located facility for trial purposes until we memorise if using it would be beneficial to both the customers and to our stockholders.High Level SolutionFor many businesses, having enough storage space to hold all the information they have acquired from their customers and the working of internal business practices is a real challenge that becoming increasingly harder. Many organizations have turned to deleting huge amounts of data to open up room for the new data they need to stay updated and to continue to provide their customers with excellent customer service. Many businesses have turned to cloud storage to help relieve this problem. Cloud storage acts as a centrally located server whose main purpose is for storage only. Using cloud storage, each of the three facilities can store and retrieve files as they are needed without investing in more infrastructure. When deciding to black market to cloud storage, a few concerns will be raised. Some people think that cloud storage is less secure than local data centers and this is not true. . When the cloud host that IT manager work together the cloud host will encrypt the data and the business will store the keys to that encryption on it local ne dickensrk (Marsh, 2013).Many cloud providers offer dashboards to the client so they can log and manage the companys data center. They can add more storage if they need and all this is completed without adding any equipment to increase storage. I have checked two of the major providers of cloud storage for determine and flexibility. Amazon S3 is 99.9 percentage reliable and it is scalable to fit your current business needs and also can be changed to fit your future needs as well (Amazon WebServices, 2013). totally data going into this cloud storage is encrypted for data certification and you can decide what region you want to have your data stored in. Another excellent benefit is that once the data is entered into the cloud, it is automatically backed up in case one system fails you will lose your data. All data uploaded is for free but they do charge for each GB of data that is transferred or downloaded from the cloud.This seems pretty reasonable since we will maintain a central server with only our servers logging into the cloud to retrieve the customer information. Google cloud storage offers secure and safe cloud storage. It has configurable security controls and the cloud is flexible so that you can get what you need now and later on if you need more storage you can always add more (Google Cloud Storage, 2013). flavor between the Amazon and Google sites, they both offer the same types of features but I could not find any data that says how reliable the Google cloud is. Also, checking the pricing from the two sites, it appears that Amazon is slightly cheaper than Google is. Moving to cloud storage is a viable option to help solve latency issues and website lag due to the enormous amounts of data being transmitted over our site.Benefits of Solving the ProblemSolving this problem using cloud storage will increase the speed of the servers the customers use to conduct their business. The change magnitude speed of the server will also take the customers orders quickly and get them to the desired printing facility to watch they make the cut off time for next day delivery. Implementing the cloud storage solution at only one facility will allow the business time to see if the cloud is a viable option to investing countless monies in upgrading our current facilities. Using the cloud will save us money because of the increased speed at which the customers can use the system, the speed in processing the orders and also save us money because we will not have to hire supererogatory personnel to maintain superfluous hardware or pay for licensing for additional software. In an article written by Joe McKendrick for Forbes magazine, he talks about the benefits of cloud computin g for a business.Cost reduction using cloud as storage lowers transaction costs, minimizes the investment in hardware and software and also reduces the need for a huge IT staff or for adding additional personnel to manage you IT infrastructure. Cloud as storage is scalable soyou can take as much or as little as you need and then increase as your needs increases. You only pay for what you use most uploads are free so you pay when you download data from the cloud. Businesses of all sizes will have access to more up to date technology piece of music using the cloud. Letting someone else manage your IT for you reduces the need for expensive licenses or buying software or hardware.Business/Technical ApproachConducting thorough question before deciding which provider of the cloud services we will go with. When a cloud provider has been chosen, our CIO and his team will work with the provider to condition we get what storage we need and also to ensure the security of the files we will move to the cloud for storage. Only have one facility use the cloud as a test case to see if it will improve the speed of our system and also to see how reliable the cloud services are. Conducting technological inspections using our IT department will ensure that we are keeping control on what goes into the cloud storage and also to help us determine if the cloud is useful. When we move older files from our servers into the cloud, we should see an immediate improvement in the speed of our system and also improvements in order processing and order filling. The IT department must(prenominal) ensure what files are being put in the cloud and that they are being encrypted for increased security.Also inspecting the files in storage routinely to ensure the data is not being corrupted. To ensure we do not lose any of our major customers, we will move only the older files to cloud storage to increase space on our servers. When we have determined (Senior management/CIO approval) that the cl oud is a viable option to investing in hardware/software, we will move more files to the cloud in an effort to free up more space which should increase the speed even more. Also, once the one facility has proven more efficient and profitable, we will migrate another facility to cloud storage. There is no set timeframe for this to happen, we just want to ensure the cloud is meeting our needs in the ways we want it to. Using the current IT staff at the first facility to check usage and speed of the system will help us in our decision whether to stay with the cloud or invest in our own infrastructure.Business Process changesImplementing cloud storage will allow the company to store more fileswithout causing the system to run slow which increase productivity. This is going to be a big move for JPCexpress in the way they do business at each of their facilities. We will use the current IT department at each facility to maintain the data stored in the cloud and to ensure that only the less used files have been migrated to the cloud until its reliability has been proven. There will be one central location for all the internal storage of customer information. When the customer logs onto the site with his credentials, they will log onto our central server who will access the cloud and pull their information off for the customer to use. When the order is placed, the server will then send that order to the printing facility closet to the customer location for fast, reliable completion of the order. When the cloud is use for use by all facilities, the IT departments at those facilities will be reduced.Setting up a team to continually monitor the cloud for reliability and security will also be accomplished. Senior management with the CIO will have to make a decision on implementing other facilities and how that will be accomplished. engine room or business practices used to augment the solution After thorough research I have decided that implementing cloud storage is the best solution to help fix the problems at JPCexpress. Moving the files to the cloud will free up valuable space which will increase the processing speed of our current servers. The IT department will maintain our current servers and monitor how effectively the cloud is to the company.The IT department will also routinely perform inspections on our equipment to see how well it is working and also to ensure what files are being moved to the cloud. Having someone compile quarterly reports on how well the cloud implementation has helped the speed of the system and to see if it truly has increased the speed at which orders are shipped. We will not have to hire additional personnel to accomplish any of these tasks we will use the current staff at each facility. This alone will save the company huge amounts of money.Conclusions and overall recommendationsThe current system that JPCexpress has, it is not unfastened of handling the enormous amounts of data that goes through it during peak o perating times. JPCexpress will have to upgrade their current hardware/software or find other alternatives. Cloud storage is just that alternative solution.Moving files to cloud storage will free up much needed space that will allow the system to run faster during peak operating times. Using the cloud offers different ways that it can be beneficial to the company. Using cloud or else of investing in new hardware/software to upgrade our current system will save on ongoing support, maintenance and upgrades and having to hire additional IT staff to work the new system. When switching to the cloud we will deputize all the up-front expense of investing in a new system and replace that cost with a manageable monthly subscription cost.David Linthicum discusses why companies should invest in the cloud. All the upgrades and maintenance are handled by the cloud host. The software will always be current without the company having to pay for expensive licensing. The fear of cloud storages sec urity being an issue is being proven invalid. Cloud providers have been working hard to prove how secure their storage is. Cloud based companies offer the highest level of customer service because they cannot afford to lose customers because they are unsatisfied with the service and with all the blogs out there, a bad review could mean countless lost customers. Every data storage center or data processing center has some downtime at some point but many cloud providers offer higher than a 99 percent reliability rate.High level implementation plan* Conduct thorough research to ensure the right cloud provider is selected* Work with provider to ensure we get the security we need and also the plan that fits the amounts of storage needed* Schedule when to transition to the cloud storage* Determine what files will initially be moved to cloud storage* Reroute all traffic from one facility to the other two* Shut down one facility and transition to the cloud* Once all files are transferred to the cloud activate the cloud* Bring the shutdown facility back on line* Test the new var. for speed and user ability* Monitor the cloud for potential problems* Produce monthly reports as to the speed of the facility and improvements in the processing of ordersSummary of go outJPCexpress system runs slow because each facility has access to all the files that are stored on the server. The storage problem can be handled either by investing countless monies into a new upgraded data system or to use cloud storage to alleviate this problem. Business processes are slow due to the servers being bogged down during peak hours resulting in delays in processing and delivery of orders placed by the customers. When we transition to the cloud storage we can increase the processing speed which will increase the speed of the orders being printed and then shipped to the customer. This will save on time and money because we will not have to pay additional shipping costs when we cant meet the next d ay delivery. This is not meant to be a permanent solution but will benefit the company until we can determine if this is the best solution.ReferencesAmazon Web Services. (2013, Oct 1). Retrieved from Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) http//aws.amazon.com/s3/ Google Cloud Storage. (2013, Aug 1). Retrieved from Google Cloud Platform https//cloud.google.com/products/cloud-storage/ Gruman, G. K. (2012, Feb 2). What cloud computing really means. Retrieved from InfoWorld http//www.infoworld.com/d/cloud-computing/what-cloud-computing-really-means Linthicum, D. (2013, June 25). Cloud adoptions tipping has arrived. Retrieved from InfoWorld Cloud calculation http//www.infoworld.com/d/cloud-computing/cloud-adoptions-tipping-point-has-arrived-221335 Marsh, J. (2013, Oct 3). The Top 5 Myths about Cloud Storage. Retrieved from Formstack http//blog.formstack.com/2013/top-5-myths-cloud-storage/ McKendrick, J. (2013, July 21). 5 Benefits of Cloud Computing you arent likely to see in a sales broch ure. Retrieved from Forbes.com http//www.forbes.com/sites/joemckendrick/2013/07/21/5-benefits-of-cloud-computing-you-arent-likely-to-see-in-a-sales-brochure/

Critical Evaluation Of The Operations Management Commerce Essay

The essay is close to to decisive saloon the operations perpetration scheme of securely joust Cafe as described in the instance stuffs, and discourse the operations direction ch aloneenges either(prenominal) objet dart good as the chances when stern disputation Cafe sing expand their c one timern in Hanoi-Vietnam. In the essay, text edition, cyberspace, academic researches will be mentioned to back up the critical evaluates operations direction, challenges and chances bangs.Harmonizing to Heizer EL at. , ( 2011 ) , Operations direction is defined as any activities that relate to the creative activity of goods and services through the transmutation of inputs and end products , succession operation directors play an of consequence function in the direction procedure. The direction procedure contains be aftering, forming, staffing, victorious, and commanding . ( Heizer el at. , 2011 ) .In the instance stuffs provided, we will measure 10 critical determinations of Opera tions directions which are goods and service design, managing whole tone, procedure and capacity design, location scheme, layout scheme, HR and occupation design, supply-chain direction, stock list, programming and last determination is portion out to see whether how good effortful contestation cafe applied these determinations in their operation direction ( Heizer el at. , 2011 ) . We will measure few determinations amongst those 10 determinations to allot plenty hold a wide position of how Difficult Rock Cafe applies these determinations to run their concern.For goods and service design, what services/products should Cafe give to clients? That is really of import issue to Hard Rock Management. As we ve known, Hard Rock is in cordial reception industry. If they provide products/services wrongly, it would take the company to ruin. Follow the Hard Rock instance survey, referable(p) to the mercurial economic alterations, differences in concern jurisprudence, a batch of haza rd factors that make Difficult Rock Cafe alterations from planetary Strategy into multi-domestic scheme. Multi-domestic scheme is a scheme that companies in each market makes their operating determinations independently of other(a)s oversea markets ( hypertext polish off protocol //tutor2u.net ) .In here, company resolved to franchise a big figure of their coffeehouse by fall ining with opened cafe such as in Manchester and Birmingham, which try to pull local occupants involve in their concern due to this topographic point is non a common topographic point for tourer, where great deal in here are quite a conservative. This determination would do them to redesign their goods and services to run into with the local gustatorial sensation. Differences state would hold different cultural, linguistic communications, concern patterns. For illustration Hard Rock cafe in Kuwait would necessitate to alter their bill of fares because they ca nt eat porc. All merchandises are related t o porc are prohi bouted all(prenominal) bit good as intoxicant dapple in US where people can eat porc, imbibe intoxicant with no limitation due to difference faiths and jurisprudence every bit good ( Muslim in Kuwait and chiefly Catholic, Protestant, Buddhism in US ) . ( hypertext send protocol //www.hardrock.com )Another issue is pull offing quality. Base on Rose EL at. , ( 2005 ) , direction quality is looked at 4 issues quality planning, quality control, quality confidence and quality betterment . Hard Rock Cafe has been focused on quality control and betterment by study. It has been done on a regular foothold with rate from 1 to 7. If the mark is non reached score 7 that mean the nutrients and services will be reviewed. The company has changed their bill of fare to fit with local gustatory sensation every bit good as upgrade their bill of fare. They are non merely concentrate on their traditional nutrient such as beefburgers and beefs tho too look for high category of nu trient like fishes, lobsters. Although clients go to Hard Rock Cafe because they love music, atmosphere, environs, that is the chief ground but high quality of nutrient which taper in bill of fare would be value-added to Hard Rock Cafe repute and brand clients condescend once to a greater extent. Cianfrani el at. , ( 2009 ) told that Quality direction could alter some of the direction rules. This can aid exceed degree direction to increase the company s earthly concern breakation every bit good as satisfy the client s film . This issue is really of import for the company which they are powerfully focused on client because most of the Hard Rock Cafe clients are tourers while a minority is a local occupant ( Heizer el at. , 2011 ) .When the company changes their services/products, they likewise wish to believe of their existing supply concatenation direction. Mentzer et al. , ( 2001 ) stated that Supply concatenation direction is seen as a apparatus to keep competition i n domestic markets, in visible radiation of increasing planetary competition . The company chooses to upgrade their bill of fare that would structure their supply concatenation direction because they will necessitate new providers every bit good as possibly extinguish some old providers. Hard Rock Cafe does non desire excessively much on beefs and beefburgers they want to add much expensive material such as fishes and lobsters which would pull a wider scope of clients every bit good as lift the degree of Hard Rock Cafe one measure higher.Top degree directions besides need to see on the distribution web of new providers. Where are their warehouses, distribution centres, figure of networking, who are their clients? What are payment footings? Can they present goods so we play by and by or we need to play upfront before they bringing goods? All those things need to see really careful because it will have-to doe with to the cost of the repast subsequently on. If the warehouse of ne w provider is excessively far, it would make a large job when we run out of nutrient to start repast for clients. Furthermore, if the company has to do full payment before they de locomoter goods, it would be an issue to direction degree to see because if we can pay them subsequently in a certain twenty-four hours after we receive goods, that is so much better, we can utilize that money to make something else to do more money and pay the provider subsequently.Location for Hard Rock Cafe would a large issue to see when choose the location. A batch of things would impact such as political hazard, currency hazard, societal norms, trade name tantrum, and concern patterns ( Heizer el at. , 2011 ) . Political hazard is defined as Probability of loss due to political instability in the purchaser s state that may ensue in cancellation of a licence or otherwise impact the purchaser s ability to do payments. Political hazards are insurable hazards, and overlap with the political constitu ent of force majeure hazards ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.businessdictionary.com ) . It is the chief concern when taking location. Thailand will be a good illustration. Recently, Thailand has a batch of work stoppages which would do investors worry. It will besides impact tourer industry due to a batch of cancellation circuit to Thailand during work stoppage ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.thaipro.com ) . While concern pattern is other issue Hard Rock Cafe demand to concern. The regulative model in Thailand is rather good but whether it is put into pattern is a different issue ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.reuters.com ) . The concern environment in Thailand late is traveling down. Corruptness is increasing severely. If company wants to spread out concern in Thailand, this issue would be sing carefully while most of the concerns try to avoid bribing, they want to make clean concern particularly some companies come from developed states such as United State, Austr alia. sustentation would acquire affect as the scheme of Hard Rock Cafe has changed to franchise with opened ingest house or cafe . This mean they need to redesign the current cafe/restaurant so that will suit local cultural but it will non lose the Hard Rock s ocular visual aspect.Securency Company is an illustration for corrupting. Securency is a joint company amid Reserve Bank Australia and British company call Innovia Films. Several occasion and functioning Securency executives engaged in graft to win trades in Vietnam, Nigeria, Malaysia and Indonesia. Securency Company has been investigated and graft for some middle-men in order to win the trades oversea has been probed. If Hard Rock Cafe breaks involve in this sort of graft, this will destruct all the repute that Hard Rock Cafe has tried to construct up decennaries agone every bit good as it will take to shuting down a batch of concern if the graft is proved.Human resource direction is besides an of import passage of ar ms for company. Armstrong ( 2006 ) stated that Human resource direction is the strategic and consistent attack to the direction of an organisation s most valued assets the people working there who separately and jointly lend to the accomplishment of the aims . Nowadays, most of the company is truly pay attending about human resource. It can assist the company win over their rivals. For eating house industry, merchandises are of import but services could be an excess point to pull client come back. How Difficult Rock could make it? The company take to supply the better services, cheaper monetary value and faster response to vie with their rivals ( Blackwell et al. , 2001 ) .Staff turnover is another issue particularly in eating house industry due to really high turnover of employees, around 80 % to 100 % per twelvemonth ( Heizer el at. , 2011 ) . Hard Rock Cafe is successfully in keep really low per centum of staff turnover by Lashkar-e-Taiba employees make full in each twenty-f our hours schedule what day/shift they would wish to work base on their degree and how of import they are at each displacement. The clothed is to equilibrate work and normal life of staff every bit good as will non allow over-employee between two displacements. This method whole works really good as Hard Rock staffs love that method and it helps to cut down the staff turnover which is per centum of staff turnover in eating house industry is really high.Although staffs at Hard Rock Cafe are music lover, happy with the working environment but for normal lifespan life, they can non populate without money. So company should hold sensible salary system in order to assist their staffs afford to normal life cost. in that location is an accusing of an anon. server staff in of the Hard Rock Cafe in United Kingdom that he/she was acquiring paid down the stairs the national lower limit rewards which is 2.06 lb per hr while national minimal rewards is around 5.73 lb per hr ( hypertext tran sfer protocol //news.bbc.co.uk ) . Employees in Hard Rock Cafe in London are trusting on tips of client to force their rewards to national minimal rewards. These tips could come from hard currency, recognition mentality tips but we do non cognize all those tip will be distributed reasonably to staffs or the company will maintain them and give portion of it staffs merely. This affair is really of import. Salary would a tool to stimulus the public presentation of employees which could do them work harder, dynamic and enthusiasm. If this affair is proven, the company will be fined and leads to rivals get derive more market portion which is belong to company.In order to spread out concern in Ha Noi, Vietnam, Hard Rock needs to look at challenges and chances before make concluding determination. These challenges and chances are mention belowBased on General Statistics Office of Vietnam, Ha noi is about 3345 km2 with more than 6.5 1000000s of people which is around 1935 person/km2 ( hype rtext transfer protocol //www.gso.gov.vn ) . We can see in here, will little country with a batch of people live in, so it is really difficult to happen location to open a new concern in here. Location is a chief concern of company which is easy to entree locate around Central Business District where a batch of traveller and people can see their logo. Furthermore, existent soil monetary value in Ha Noi is really high comparison to other metropoliss so that company would necessitate to see rental or purchase it out ( hypertext transfer protocol //vietbao.vn ) . That would be added to the cost of repast which would be an issue in competitory with other rivals.Another challenge is cultural differences. pagan differences could do a batch of job which Hard Rock needs to happen out when be aftering to make concern in Vietnam. Eye connectedness is an of import to state whether we respect opposite individual or non. For Western cultural, when people are speaking, it is impolite if we do non look at each other s eyes. But in many Asiatic states such as Japan and Vietnam, they can non look at their higher-up s eyes otherwise it means you have no regard for them. If you do that so, that mean you show your regard to them ( Moran el at. , 2007 ) .Posture/Gesture can do misinterpretation every bit good if two concern work forces from difference states with difference cultural. In Vietnam, it would be friendly if two people stand near, remain lessened spread between two people but in western manner, it should be a spread ( at least one metre ) when they are speaking to each other, it is consider polite. On the other manus, handshaking would differences between Asiatic cultural and Western cultural. Western people prefer steadfast handshaking, that show their regard to concern spouse every bit good as trustworthy while in Asia, particularly in Vietnam, house handshaking should be avoided while people think it is ill-mannered, un-educated, non being friendly to think. Tho se things are really of import because if they do non understand Vietnamese cultural, it baron make jobs between compressed direction of Hard Rock towards their employees. This is non good for concern as it will make the spread between degree direction and employees, hapless public presentations, people might desire to discontinue due to defeated, do non like working environment.Currency hazard is another hazard factor. At the minute, the exchange rate between US dollar and Vietnamese dong is really high which is 1 US dollar can alter to 19500 VND ( www.eximbank.com ) . If Difficult Rock would wish to bugger off their goods over from US to maintain original gustatory sensation, it would do the monetary value of each repast addition due to value of VND is decrease summation no transportation cost from US to Hanoi if they buy those merchandises in Vietnam. The rise and autumn of exchange rate could do company hold more competitory reinforcement to rival but it would be a catastro phe subsequently on so that advantage would turn to disfavor every bit Hard Rock Cafe scheme wants local occupants get affect along with tourers.In Vietnam legal model is rather good but it is non applied. adroit belongings right is an illustration. It is non protected pull down Vietnam has signed a batch understanding which promised to protect the right of first publication but it does non set it in pattern ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.vietnam-ustrade.org ) . The per centum of right of first publication violation is still high at 85 % , same at twelvemonth 2007, 2008 ( hypertext transfer protocol //phapluattp.vn ) . Hard Rock Cafe can be set up today but following few hebdomads, another Cafe might be unfastened and all the repasts, layout, manners, music would be similar or somewhat differences. It will impact the trade name name of Hard Rock if clients come in, still though that is Difficult Rock Cafe and they have bad serves or nutrient toxic condition.Disregard those ch allenges above, Ha Noi is still a possible topographic point for investor to see when unfastened concern in here. First, Hanoi is capital of Vietnam with labour force 1.6 million of people while 43 % of them are under age of 35 it means 400.000 people enter the market every twenty-four hours ( hypertext transfer protocol //industrialzone.vn ) . Furthermore, GDP per capital of Vietnam is about $ 1156 USD/year which is really low comparisons to US. It means, company has more option in choosing staffs but pay less money than in US market ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.dfat.gov.au ) . That would salvage a batch money for company while in US immense money has been paid off for HR and vocalists. This is an advantage when unfastened concern in Hanoi.Second, supply concatenation direction would non be a job because people can come to Hanoi by trinity chief ways rail avenue, roadway and air passage. Hanoi is besides a get downing point of a batch national main road such as Number 1A n ational main road, Number 3, 5 national route and NoiBai airdrome is about 40km off merely every bit good as near to 5 large industry zones which they can provide most of the demands for Hard Rock ( hypertext transfer protocol //industrialzone.vn ) . It is easy to present goods for company on a regular basis and on clip so company will non be run out of stock even in peak period.Third, since 1990, economic sciences of Vietnam is turning really fast. GDP of Vietnam is about 7 % turning continuously while GDP per capital is at $ 725 USD in 2006 goes up to $ 1156 USD in 2010 which is about double in 4 old ages clip. We can see bright economic system, turning really fast which is a possible market with around 90 1000000s of people ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.dfat.gov.au ) . That could open for Hard Rock a batch of opportunities while invest in Vietnam as a batch of US companies did it long clip ago such as IBM, Intel and many more US companies. Intel is good illustration in inve sting. They merely announced to make up ones mind to do the $ 1 billion investing in a comparative fledgling to the hi-tech wager Vietnam ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.usatoday.com ) . This determination is good intelligence for Vietnam which could make a hundred 1000 occupations in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City every bit good as could convey back immense net incomes for Intel in the hereafter as labour cost in Vietnam is rather dirt cheap but extremely educated.In decision, ten operation direction determinations play an of import function in making concern of company. Those determinations mentioned supra are non all of 10 determinations but it would demo out how of import 10 operation direction determinations in pull offing quality, better public presentation of employees, pee new goods/services in order to accommodate to the fast changing of planetary economic. If Hard Rock Cafe can go on to take to the woods as they are making right now, it would be the strength and a com petitory border toward their rivals.

Assessing ecosystem health Essay

The simple summary of the article is figuren below. Metaphors drawn from hu troops wellness can be applied in environmental assessment at ecosystem levels hence the concept of ecosystem medicine may excessively be appropriate in trying to chthonianstand the environment. By employ allegorys iodin can understand a difficult concept into more known terms since a comparison as to what is commonality in medicine and in ecosystem. Human use science but they employ art also in appreciating and studying things. As a necessary consequence of using arts or even science errors in interference could also happen as in that respect could also be cased of false alarms in diagnosing the environment. But for a triumphful application of the checkup examination concepts in ecosystem, there could be a need bind a greater-defined taxonomy of ecosystems to afford a kick downstairs correlations and analysis of the different variables involved in ecosystems. Taxonomy will allow more definitio ns of technical terms in ecosystems which could be used by scientists and scholars to make a thorough investigation and analysis. The health status of ecosystems in turn could also serve a good barometer to assess the present status or health of the environment. This must be so since the better the ecosystem , the better the environment.Question 2. Write a go off of Section 1 (p-15 Introduction) and also indicate important points which the indite has talked about to be discuss in the paper whatever brush up anything missing? Any important information we get from this separate? Any evoke thing we get from this sectionalisation, and do we really find it in the pursuance section?The simple presentment is shown below. The root is look that whatever the ecosystem now suffers is partially becomed by human activity. He is using a metaphor to convey his message. That the environments health must also be determined worry that of a human single(a). Like a human being who is sub ject to stress, the author illustrates that the ecosystem also suffers from effects of various stresses. He cited as faces of stresses the following harvesting, introduction of exotic species, generation of waste residuals, physical restructuring, and even extreme natural events which affect the environment.Question 3. Write a review of Section 2 (p-16 Ecosystem a nebulous concept?) What do we delay from this Section? What has author tried to communicate and how winning he has been to communicate? And also indicate the significance of this section related to this article, if you see any critique to this section past write it with a unadulterated logic?Is ecosystem a nebulous concept? The author is saying that while separates my think that term ecosystems may be indefinite of meaning because of difficulty of delimiting boundaries on the basis of conventional observations. Ecosystems are not isolated, but comfortably connected, or nested within adjacent or larger systems as see n in the continuum from rivers to lakes from estuaries to the sea from the sea to the worlds ocean. The author agrees that for forethought and assessment, ecosystem constitutes a pertinent macro-level unit for describing the environment (Rowe, 1961, 1989 Bird & Rapport, 1986). The author is very clear in describing the ecosystems as a dynamic, complex, and open systems that are in constant change all over ecological, evolutionary, and geological time (Rapport & Regier, 1992), and such(prenominal) they exhibit chameleon-like properties that is, they might exist in a number of alternative forms, the particular composition being very some(prenominal) influenced by internal dynamics and by interactions with neighboring systems (Holling, 1985 Rapport & Regier, 1992).Question 4. Write a review of Section 3 (p-16 Towards an Ecosystem Health Model) what do we learn from this Section? What has author tried to communicate and how successful he has been to communicate? And also indicate th e significance of this section related to this article, if you see any critique to this section then write it with a complete logic?The quest for understanding leads to quest for having health ecosystem. The author is saying that in the quest for a more blanket(prenominal) understanding of the process of ecosystem breakdown and recovery, he has come to think that humans are engaged in some form of ecosystem medicine (Rapport et al., 1979). He state that introducing the medical metaphor suggests that, like physicians, ecosystem practitioners are in need of systematic procedures by which to recognize illness, devise protocols to rule-in or rule-out possible causes, and ordain treatment. (Rapport, 1992) (Paraphrasing made) When it comes to treatment, medicine suggests several options following internal medicine, ecosystems may be treated by regulating the blood chemistry of the system following surgery, ecosystems may be treated by wholesale physical and biological restructuring. The latter may involve both removal of undesirable elements and introduction (grafting) of desirable ecosystem components.I should pelt along to add that we are concerned here with the application of scientific methodologies developed in medicine in order to assess the state of ecosystem health. In so doing I neither subscribes to the view that ecosystems can be considered as organisms (for clearly there are not not not not substantive differences in both the mechanisms and power point of integration as well as in the dynamics of these two systems) nor do I suggest. (Rapport, 1992) (Paraphrasing made)Question 5. Write a review of Section 4 (p-17 The subjective nature of health assessments) what do we learn from this Section? What has author tried to communicate and how successful he has been to communicate? And also indicate the significance of this section related to this article, if you see any critique to this section then write it with a complete logic?Subjectivity is assiduous in assessing the ecosystem. The author is equating the subjective judgment used in health assessment as to what is being done in assessing the ecosystem. He said that clearly, in many another(prenominal) cases, the diagnosis and treatment of sickness also uses gut feel or hunches in addition to the scientific way.. Inevitably, there enters a degree of subjectivity in evaluating the health status of an individual or an ecosystem. (Rapport, 1992) (Paraphrasing made) The author mentioned some ecosystem transformations that are made without recourse to societal values or limitations of scientific understanding and cited as example the demise of the forest downwind of a smelter. Nevertheless, he admits that more frequently social value-judgments and the limitations of science appear to mix as a form of art. The author gave as an example the conversion to plantations of radiata pine (Pinus radiata) of highly diversified indigenous forests in New Zealand, where there are contend view bet ween conservationists and foresters. (Rapport, 1992) (Paraphrasing made)Question 6. Write a review of Section 5 (p-18 Early Warning Signs of Pathological Ecosystems) what do we learn from this Section? What has author tried to communicate and how successful he has been to communicate? And also indicate the significance of this section related to this article, if you see any critique to this section then write it with a complete logic? (This section should cover all sub sections of the main section, one by one)Early warning signs of pathological ecosystems have obstacles. The author mentioned three obstacles in providing early warning of ecosystem pathology and they areFirstly, basic processes such as nutrient cycling and primary productivity, is highly cyclical and irregular, varying from year to year, seasonally and diurnally. Such variability and seemingly random behavior raises havoc with detection of the onset of much pathology that beset aquatic ecosystems. Secondly, early symp toms of ecosystem abjection may be missed or discovered only after pathology is well advanced. Thirdly, false alarms are easily sounded owing to a still utmost from adequate understanding of the long-term dynamic behavior of ecosystems.Ecosystems have common systems of degradation. Under section 5.1 on Health indicators at the ecosystem level, theauthor is discussing the identification of common symptoms of ecosystem degradation. These common symptoms are termed the ecosystem distress syndrome (Rapport et al., 1985) and characterize a large number of ecosystems under stresses of various types. The author citing Rapport, 1991, said that with beginning to aquatic ecosystems, the ecosystem distress syndrome comprises the following symptoms (1) alteration in biotic community structure to favor smaller forms (2) reduced species diversity (3) increased ascendance by r selected species (4) increased dominance by exotic species (5) shortened food-chain length (6) increased disease prev alence and (7) reduced population stability. (Rapport, 1992) (Paraphrasing made)Like human diseases, ecosystems have risk chemical elements, too. Under section 5.2 on Ecosystem risk factors, the author supports the idea of identification of individuals at risk for certain types of diseases, as those found in coronary disease, which will shift mans tending from treating illness to prevention. The author argues that using the same principle of identifying risk in ecosystem, prevention of the ecosystems degradation could be prevented. (Rapport, 1992) (Paraphrasing made) He believes that this come along works best where a single dominant stress acts to transform ecosystems, such as may occur in the process of eutrophication or acidification of aquatic ecosystems. He said that much is known about the actions of these two stresses and the vulnerabilities of the recipient aquatic systems (e.g., Minns et al., 1990). He then argued that combining the findings from case studies of impacts of such specific stresses on ecosystems with the knowledge of current stress loadings and sensitivities of recipient ecosystems enables one to arrive at an ecosystem level risk assessment. (Rapport, 1992) (Paraphrasing made) He was able to cite the development of various factor analyses similar to the manner in which risks of coronary disease are now assessed in ecosystem health evaluations. He cited the work of Minns et al. (1990) who have examined the impact of acid hurry on the loss of fish species in vulnerable eastern Canadian lakes. (Rapport, 1992) (Paraphrasing made) With these studies the author is really looking forward for the prevention of ecosystems degradation.Validation of treatment for ecosystem is a problem, too. Under section 5.3 on Validation of treatment the author also talks of validation of treatment which is considered the bottom line for medical practitioners. This premised on the idea that once an illness has been diagnosed, the question turns squarely to th e most effective treatment. Treatment validation provides a basis for selection among alternative procedures. In applying the medical terminology to the ecosystem, the author said that success rates for a given treatment cannot be evaluated without factoring out the influences of the other stress factors. He cited an example the evaluation of the effectiveness of harvesting regulations on restoring seal populations in the Baltic Sea. He said that it is necessary to take into account impairments to seal reproductive success owing to the presence of PCBs and related toxic substances (Helle et al., 1976).Here, just as in human medicine, he said, we have the need to develop methodologies to factor out co-morbidities. He mentioned the need for a far better taxonomy of ecosystem ills than we presently have. He said that one currently may describe ecosystem pathologies in terms of air contaminant damage to forests, eutrophication of aquatic systems, acidification of aquatic and terrestria l systems, etc. but he said that these are very rudimentary categories. He therefore suggested that for each of these classifications there are many finer subdivisions which need to be categorized before one can readily compare case histories. (Rapport, 1992) (Paraphrasing made)Question 7. Write a review of Section 6 (p-21 describeing on the state of environment from an ecosystem health perspective) what do we learn from this Section? What has author tried to communicate and how successful he has been to communicate? And also indicate the significance of this section related to this article, if you see any critique to this section then write it with a complete logic?Environment could be seen from the health of the ecosystems. The author is trying to make a picture of the environment on the basis of the status of the ecosystem. He cited Canada as having subdivided its land areas into 15 ecozones, defined on the basis of Physiographic, vegetation type, soils/surface materials, climat e, and human use. He reported that the forests of most ecozones are impacted by a combination of natural and cultural stresses (particularly in the Montaine Cordillera, Boreal Shield, and Atlantic Maritime ecozones).Included in the stresses is fire, insects and diseases, over-harvesting, conversion of forests to agriculture, construction of transportation and utility corridors, air pollution, and climate-induced stresses such as red belt and wind throw. He then cited the relationship of increase disease in ecosystems which are more stressed. (Rapport, 1992) (Paraphrasing made) The author also mentioned that the other sections of the 1986 Canadian State of Environment Report relate to aquatic ecosystems, both the Laurentian abundant Lakes and other Inland Waters, as well as the three oceanic systems (Atlantic, Pacific and Northern). He also cited that the major stresses affecting these ecosystems include over-harvesting, construction of dams and diversions, contaminants (including toxic substances), and the purposeful or accidental introduction of exotic species (particularly in the Great Lakes and inland waters). Further, in all but the Northern marine ecosystems, land use change (particularly the drainage of wetlands for agricultural and recreational purposes) and sewage inflows added significant redundant stress. (Rapport, 1992) (Paraphrasing made)Question 8. What do we understand from the Conclusions written on p-23, are they appropriate any critique any thing missed in conclusion any thing over emphasized.The simple conclusion could be done as shown below. We understand from the conclusion that ecosystem behavior under stress is complex and processes leading to degradation and recovery are only partially understood, nonetheless, ecosystem medicine is coming of age at least as a conjectural art. There therefore many challenges along the way. There also a combination of objective and subjective criteria is called into play in rendering judgments as to the health of ecosystems. Another thing that I did understand in the conclusion is that in talking about assessing the ecosystem from a point of view need not involve or borrow concepts from the medical sciences to understand the system but that the author argues that use of the metaphor suggests more systematic approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of ecosystem ills, underscores the importance of validation of remedial action interventions, and draws attention to the inherent subjective nature of health assessments. Further, the metaphor provides a language in which the concern for ecosystem health becomes a natural extension of the concern for individual healthThe conclusions drawn are appropriate and does not in any way insist that understanding how to manage the ecosystem be necessarily made reference to the medical science field. It could be made from different points of view and the advantage of using a field of study to bring out the issues via use of metaphor may contribute much to information campaign.Question 9. Is this article helpful in planning and managing environment, if yes how? If no, why?What is the relevance of the article in planning and management of the environment? I believe this article is helpful in planning and managing environment. Different persons belong to different professions and different professions have their own languages. By using metaphor in medicine to discuss ecosystem and the environment, would be getting the member of the medical profession to understand the issues more clearly and to get their support for the cause of the environmentQuestion 10. Is the title appropriate, if yes WHY? if no then suggest some other title, and also justify the title with a logical reasoning.How show the article be titled appropriately? The title evaluating ecosystem health seems not to include treatment on ecosystem treatment. Since it talks also of treatment the title could be modified as Evaluating and Maintaining the Ecosystems Health . By simply saying evaluating it the discussion on treatment should not have been part.ReferenceBird, P. M. & D. J. Rapport, 1986. State of the Environment Report for Canada. Ministry of Supply and Services.263 pp.Helle, E., M. Olsson & S. Jensen, 1976. PCB levels correlated with pathological changes in seal uteri. Ambio 5 261263.Holling, C. S., 1985. Resilience of ecosystems local surprise and global change. In T. F. Malone & J. G. Roederer (eds), In Global Change, pp. 292317. Cambridge Univ.Press, Cambridge.Minns, C. K., J. E. Moore, D. W. Schindler & M. L. Jones, 1990. Assessing the potential termination of damage to inland lakes in eastern Canada due to acidic deposition. 1V. Predicted impacts on species richness in seven groups of aquatic biota. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 47 821830.Rapport, D. J., & A. M. Friend, 1979. Towards a comprehensive framework for environmental statistics a stressresponse approach. Statist. Can., Ottawa.Rapport, D. J., & H. A. Regier, 1992. Disturbance and stress effects on ecological systems. In B. C. Patten & S. E.Rapport, D. J., 1991. Myths in the foundations of economics and ecology. Biol. J. Liimean Soc. 44 185202.Rapport, D. J., H. A. Regier & T. C. Hutchinson, 1985. Ecosystem behaviour under stress. Amer. Natur. 125 617640.Rapport, D., (1992), Evaluating ecosystem health, Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health, M. Munawar (ed.), Assessing Aquatic Ecosystem Health Rationale, Challenges, and Strategies. KluwerAcademic Publishers. Printed in the NetherlandsRowe, J. S., 1961. The level of integration concept and ecology. Ecology 42(2) 420427.Rowe, J. S., 1989. Implications of the Brundtland Commission Report for Canadian forest management. Forestry